Swallowing difficulties are referred to as dysphagia. Dysphagia can lead to problems such as choking, lack of appetite and weight loss, and aspiration pneumonia. If you have experienced a stroke or another neurological illness, you may undergo a swallowing evaluation to determine whether you have dysphagia. If you have signs of dysphagia, you will need to have speech and swallow therapy so that your swallowing muscles can have the chance to improve as much as possible.
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Thanks for your feedback! Sign Up. What are your concerns? Role of primary sensor motor cortex and supplementary motor area in volutional swallowing: a movement-related cortical potential study. Hamdy S. Role of cerebral cortex in control of swallowing.
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Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Cumhur Ertekin. Reprints and Permissions. Ertekin, C. Voluntary Versus Spontaneous Swallowing in Man. Dysphagia 26, — Download citation. Received : 25 June Accepted : 25 November Published : 15 December Issue Date : June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Abstract This review examines the evidence regarding the clinical and neurophysiological differences between voluntary and spontaneous swallows.
References 1. Chapter Google Scholar 3. PubMed Article Google Scholar 5. VS is a part of eating behavior, while SS is a type of protective reflex action. In VS, there is harmonized and orderly activation of perioral, lingual, and submental striated muscles in the oral phase.
The preparatory phase includes conscious effort to ingest food and reflexes in the oral cavity that help the preparation of the bolus to be swallowed. The transfer phase involves reflex activities in the oral and pharyngeal passages. The transport phase includes transport of the swallowed food bolus through the esophagus into the stomach. Anatomically, swallowing has been divided into three phases: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal.
The oral phase includes preparatory as well as early transfer phases. The oral preparatory phase includes suckling, chewing, and masticating; the mixing of the food with saliva; and the formation of a bolus of suitable size and consistency. After the bolus is formed, the tongue creates a cup on its dorsal surface that entraps the bolus between it and the palate. The transfer phase begins once the decision to swallow has been made.
The tip and sides of the tongue contract against the hard palate to progressively squeeze the entrapped bolus. Simultaneously, the posterior part of the tongue forms a chute that allows the bolus to pass from the isthmus into the oropharynx. If the tongue is weak or paralyzed, the bolus spills over in the oral cavity or into the pharynx.
This causes aspiration before the swallow. As the bolus enters the oropharynx, the soft palate lifts up to close off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.
The posterior pharyngeal wall moves upward, while the posterior part of the tongue moves forward to enlarge the oropharyngeal chamber. Nasal regurgitation of the food occurs if the nasopharynx is not closed off. After the bolus enters the oropharynx, a ridge-like contraction Passavant ridge appears in the uppermost part of the posterior pharyngeal wall. This contraction moves down along with the downward movement of the soft palate. Simultaneously, the relaxed posterior pillars approximate one another, and the posterior tongue contracts against the palate to close off the oral cavity from the oropharynx.
Progressive aboral contraction of the posterior pharyngeal wall against the contracting posterior part of the tongue propels the bolus into the pharynx. During the pharyngeal phase, the tongue seals the oropharynx.
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