Beta-alanine and bicarbonate supplementation can also improve buffering capacity. There is convincing evidence that interventions that increase anaerobic capacity also improve performance during HIE. Furthermore, the ergogenic effects of Cr, beta-alanine, and bicarbonate will enable athletes to increase the training load, and an improved training adaptation may be as important as the direct effects of the supplements.
It should be mentioned that some investigators have argued, based on experiments in isolated rodent muscle or muscle fibers, that lactic acidosis is not related to fatigue or even that lactic acid is an ergogenic drug. However, there is convincing evidence from in vivo studies in exercising humans that dietary interventions that reduce acidosis also improve performance, giving strong support for the idea that lactic acidosis is an important factor in fatigue. As outlined in this review, there is clear evidence that Cr, bicarbonate, and beta-alanine have ergogenic effects during HIE.
However, many commercial products are contaminated with steroid-like chemicals. Although Cr, bicarbonate, and beta-alanine are not classified as illegal substances according to the list of prohibited substances published by the World Anti-Doping Agency WADA , there is evidence that athletes using these supplements risk inadvertent doping infractions due to contaminated products.
The supplement was guest edited by Lawrence L. He has not received any honoraria for guest editing the supplement. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Sports Medicine Auckland, N. Sports Med. Published online Oct Kent Sahlin. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and the source are credited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract The high-energy demand during high-intensity exercise HIE necessitates that anaerobic processes cover an extensive part of the adenosine triphosphate ATP requirement.
Introduction The energy demand increases in proportion to exercise intensity, and energy supply is often a critical factor for performance. Relative Importance of Phosphocreatine PCr and Anaerobic Glycolysis to Anaerobic Energy Production The muscle store of phosphocreatine PCr can be depleted almost completely during exhaustive exercise, providing an equimolar amount of ATP about 70 mmol per kg dry muscle [dm] in humans. Improving Buffer Capacity with Training Lactate production is limited by the extent of the lactate-induced acidosis, i.
Mechanisms of the Ergogenic Effect of Creatine The obvious ergogenic mechanism of Cr loading is that the increased muscle content of PCr increases anaerobic capacity. Strategies of Creatine Supplementation A loading regime used in many studies is ingestion of 20 g of Cr monohydrate each day over a period of 5—7 days [ 30 , 31 ]. Bicarbonate Supplementation Sodium bicarbonate has been used as an ergogenic aid for many years. References 1. Textbook of work physiology: physiological bases of exercise.
New York: McGraw-Hill; Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O 2 deficit. J Appl Physiol. Sahlin K. Fitts RH. Cellular, molecular, and metabolic basis of muscle fatigue. Handbook of physiology exercise: regulation and integration of multiple systems. New York: Oxford University Press; Juel C.
Lactate-proton cotransport in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rev. Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Metabolic factors in fatigue. In: Hargreaves M, Spriet L, editors. Exercise metabolism. Champaign: Human kinetics; Lactate content and pH in muscle obtained after dynamic exercise. Pflugers Arch. Glycogen, glycolytic intermediates and high-energy phosphates determined in biopsy samples of musculus quadriceps femoris of man at rest. Methods and variance of values.
Scand J Clin Lab Invest. Short-term training increases human muscle MCT1 and femoral venous lactate in relation to muscle lactate. Am J Physiol. Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis. Muscle ammonia and amino acid metabolism during dynamic exercise in man.
Clin Physiol. Metabolic changes limiting muscle performance. In: Saltin B, editor. Biochemistry of exercise VI. Champaign: Human Kinetics; Hultman E, Sjoholm H. Substrate availability. Note that when you design training to condition the ATP-PC system you must build in adequate rest and stop the session if the quality of the movements or their power decreases significantly.
When this happens you are starting to work on power endurance as fatigue is evident and that is counter productive if your goal is purely to increase the ATP-PC system's capacity. For example, if you were training to increase your explosive leaping ability say for basketball by jumping as high as you could you would notice that after two or three leaps the next leap may not get you the same height. If you continue you will be starting to train endurance which will be counterproductive to developing explosive leaping power.
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