It is the pixel dimensions the amount of pixels from left to right, top to bottom that will determine the size and detail of your image. Raster programs software that work with pixel-based media like Photoshop have you set up the PPI resolution right at the beginning when you create a document.
You will find Resolution listed with other parameters in the New Document window. If you need to increase the resolution on an image that has already been created, you can resample it. Resampling is the process of changing the amount of pixels in an image, in which the software will create or delete pixels to preserve image quality. In the Image Size window, you will have options for changing the width, height and PPI resolution of your image.
You can decrease the resolution if you set the PPI to a lower value. As the pixel count decreases, the image size and dimensions decrease as well. You increase the resolution when you set PPI to a higher value. This allows the image to be printed at a larger print size.
That said, it is best to avoid changing the PPI on an existing image whenever possible. The resampling process requires Photoshop to generate new pixels from scratch. Thus, computer generated pixels can create unintentional results on your image. DPI, or dots per inch, refers to the resolution value of a physical printer.
Printers reproduce an image by spitting out tiny dots, and the number of dots per inch affects the amount of detail and overall quality of the print. This is also known as the subtractive color model. Dots of each color are printed in patterns, enabling the human eye to perceive a specific color made from this combination.
DPI is a measurement of this density. These dots are a fixed size and resolution is only affected by how many dots appear per inch. Pantoprazole is marketed as being cheaper, and may be better for patients paying for their own medications. Zegerid is a combination of omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate. Information on side effects from studies where a PPI is compared to a placebo shows that the most common side effects are headache, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea and nausea.
Interestingly, the incidence of these side effects is the same as when patients take the placebo. It is hard to compare side effect profiles between the medications, but there is no reason to believe that there are significant differences.
There is no scientific data to guide physicians on how to deal with the relatively few patients that have side effects from one of the PPIs. However, nearly all physicians have had the experience of switching from one PPI to another successfully. If you are having side effects from a PPI, you will not necessarily develop the same side effects if you switch to another PPI.
Discuss this option with your physician. The only exception may be in the extremely rare instance of severe allergic reactions.
Source: U. A study published in JAMA ; was conducted to determine whether there is an association between long-term proton pump inhibitor PPI therapy and the risk of hip fracture. The study concluded that long-term PPI therapy, particularly at high doses, is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture.
Question What does this study mean for people who benefit from taking a PPI? The currently available PPIs include:. This is the latest in a series of articles that have questioned the safety of these powerful, widely used medications. Worldwide, PPIs have been available for over 20 years. In the s there were concerns that, by profoundly decreasing stomach acid production, they might lead to other health problems such as serious infections, poor absorption of vitamins and minerals, even gastrointestinal cancers.
However, by the mids, based largely on anecdotal experience, it was becoming clear that PPIs were remarkably safe. Formal studies looking at the use of PPIs in hundreds of patients showed virtually no long term side effects. As a result, new PPIs were developed, PPIs became generic and ultimately available over the counter without a prescription.
This was a great advance in our ability to treat the millions of patients worldwide that have acid-peptic diseases. In the last few years, researchers have been able to evaluate the side effects and complications of medications by using large databases of millions of patients. They were able to identify over 13, people with a hip fracture and compare them to over , people who did not have a hip fracture.
They also found that the risk increased further if the patients were taking the PPI a longer period of time, or at higher doses. This is probably due to impaired calcium absorption when there is less acid in the stomach.
Now, it must be mentioned that the patients with hip fractures in this study were much more likely to be a cigarette smoker, be thin, be a diabetic, be alcoholic, have had a stroke, had dementia or had previous bone fractures. Studies like this talk about the risk per patient-year of follow up. For example, if one follows patients for 10 years, that is 1, patient-years of follow-up.
Business Business Essentials. Pixels per inch PPI is typically used to refer to the display resolution, or pixel density, of a computer monitor or screen. The greater the pixels per inch PPI , the greater the detail in the image or display. In the early s, the most common computer display resolution was x ; by , x was common. Compare Accounts. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation.
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Kiosks can be electronic or staffed with employees. An employee stock option ESO is a grant to an employee giving the right to buy a certain number of shares in the company's stock for a set price.
Producer Price Index PPI The producer price index PPI is a family of indexes that gauges the average fluctuation in selling prices received by domestic producers over time. Mutual Fund Definition A mutual fund is a type of investment vehicle consisting of a portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities, which is overseen by a professional money manager.
Partner Links. Related Articles. Fidelity Investments. Brokers TradeStation vs. In another study of over people, it was found that PPI use was associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, and the risk increased with increasing dose of PPI. Acid in the gut increases the solubility of elements, e. It has therefore been suggested that gastric acid suppression may decrease absorption of some nutrients and lead to an increased prevalence of conditions related to malabsorption.
However, this association is controversial. In most cases, patients can be reassured that a balanced diet, including essential elements and minerals e. Long-term PPI use has been associated with a small increase in fracture risk. An increased risk of osteoporosis should be considered in post-menopausal females who are taking PPIs long-term, especially if they have other risk factors, e. Severe hypomagnesaemia has been associated with the use of PPIs , in a limited number of patients, which resolved when PPI treatment was withdrawn.
Omeprazole, 20 — 40 mg per day, was the dosage most frequently associated with these deficiencies. Patients with a history of excessive alcohol use, who are taking a PPI, have an increased risk of developing hypomagnesaemia due to the additive effects of chronic ethanol exposure on metabolic function. The use of diuretics, ciclosporin or aminoglycosides with PPIs increases the risk of hypomagnesaemia occurring.
Symptoms of hypomagnesaemia are non-specific and may include muscle cramps, weakness, irritability or confusion. Routine testing of magnesium levels in patients taking PPIs is generally not recommended. However, if a patient has been taking a PPI long-term and they present with unexplained symptoms that are consistent with hypomagnesaemia, consider requesting a serum magnesium level.
Increased dietary intake of magnesium rich foods, e. For some patients the PPI will need to be stopped; if the indication for using the PPI is strong, a re-challenge while monitoring magnesium can be undertaken. Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with the use of PPIs in older patients. Hyponatraemia has been associated with the use of PPIs in a very small number of patients.
The patient should be referred to a Nephrologist for assessment. To confirm a diagnosis of interstitial nephritis a renal biopsy is required. Concerns of a possible interaction between omeprazole and clopidogrel are unlikely to be clinically significant.
MARC assessed the evidence of an interaction between PPIs and clopidogrel and concluded that while there was evidence that PPIs may affect clopidogrel activity ex vivo, the available evidence suggested that this would not translate to clinically significant adverse outcomes.
However, if considering prescribing a PPI at the same time as clopidogrel then pantoprazole is the recommended choice. Pantoprazole is known to have less of an inhibitory effect on the CYP2C19 enzyme compared with omeprazole or lansoprazole.
PPIs can cause a minor increase in the anticoagulant effect of warfarin or a decrease when the PPI is stopped. Patients taking warfarin should have their INR measured more frequently following the initiation, or discontinuation of PPIs to ensure they do not experience a clinically significant interaction.
Follow us on facebook. Decision support for health professionals ». South Island general practice support ». Practice acquisition and careers in health ». Click here to register ». Forgot your login? Login to my bpac. Remember me. Gastroenterology Medicines management. Proton pump inhibitors: When is enough, enough? When can you consider stopping treatment with a PPI? How safe are proton pump inhibitors? References In this article.
Use of PPIs in New Zealand The treatment of symptoms caused by gastric acid dates backs to the ancient Greeks, who used coral powder calcium carbonate to alleviate dyspepsia. When, and how, is it appropriate to prescribe a proton pump inhibitor? The pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors PPIs are prodrugs, i. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Proton pump inhibitors are indicated in the treatment of suspected or confirmed GORD.
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